filter: basic write hooking infrastructure

Filters can now call hook_write and unhook_write if they want to
redirect writing to stdout to a different function. This saves us from
potential file descriptor pipes and other less efficient mechanisms.

We do this instead of replacing the call in html_raw because some places
stdlib's printf functions are used (ui-patch or within git itself),
which has its own internal buffering, which makes it difficult to
interlace our function calls. So, we dlsym libc's write and then
override it in the link stage.

While we're at it, we move considerations of argument count into the
generic new filter handler.

Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>